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(USMLE topics, cardiology) Blood pressure: systolic and diastolic; hypertension: guidelines, causes, risk factors, complications, treatment, antihypertensive drugs. Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked copy of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com ©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved. Voice by: Sue Stern. All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Blood pressure is the force the circulating blood EXERTS on the walls of blood vessels. It is different in different types of vessels, but the term ”blood pressure”, when not specified otherwise, refers to ARTERIAL pressure in the SYSTEMIC circulation. When the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta, during systole, the aortic pressure RISES, and so does the systemic arterial pressure. The maximum pressure following an ejection is called the SYSTOLIC pressure. In between heart beats, when the ventricles refill, blood pressure FALLS to its lowest value called the DIASTOLIC pressure. THESE are the 2 numbers on a blood pressure reading. Blood pressure normally shows a daily pattern and is usually lower at night. During day-time, it fluctuates with physical activities and emotional states. Hypertension refers to a PERSISTENT HIGH blood pressure. In the US, high blood pressure used to be defined as greater than 140/90, but recent guidelines have changed these values to 130/80 to better prevent and treat the condition. Normal blood pressure is BELOW 120/80. In practice, blood pressure is considered TOO low ONLY if it produces symptoms. Hypertension does NOT cause symptoms on its own, but it slowly DAMAGES blood vessels, and in the long-term, is a MAJOR risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, aneurysm and heart attack; as well as end organ damage such as renal failure or vision loss. For this reason, hypertension is known as the “SILENT killer”. Hypertension can be classified as primary or secondary, with the former being responsible for over 90% of cases. Primary hypertension has NO apparent cause and may develop as a result of old age, obesity, high-salt diet, lack of exercise, smoking and drinking. Most commonly, the blood vessels are hardened with age or unhealthy diets, making it harder for blood to flow. Secondary hypertension, on the other hand, is caused by an underlying condition. Many conditions and factors can cause hypertension; most notable are kidney problems and endocrine disturbances. Regardless of the cause, the INcrease in blood pressure is produced by EITHER an INcrease in vascular resistance - narrower or stiffer blood vessels; OR an INcrease in cardiac output – larger volume of blood pumped out by the heart. These 2 factors are the targets of antihypertensive drugs. Treatments must start with life style changes such as healthy, low-sodium diets, physical exercise and stress management. On top of that, antihypertensive agents may be used to control hypertension. These include: - Vasodilators: these drugs DILATE blood vessels, thereby DEcreasing vascular resistance and reducing blood pressure. - Diuretics: diuretics promote sodium and water removal by the kidneys and thereby DEcrease blood volume. - Drugs that DEcrease cardiac output by decreasing heart rate or contractility, may also be used to treat hypertension.

Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here are steps you can take to keep your diabetes under control and keep your kidneys healthy. This campaign is made possible with the support of Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. and Boehringer Ingelheim. Updated October 2021 Learn more about how to prevent and manage kidney disease: https://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-disease/know-your-kidneys/

Learning about kidney disease can be intimidating. Let our experts walk you through the facts, the questions, and the answers to help you better understand this condition.  For more reading visit: https://mayocl.in/3p1iOSl When it comes to your health, Mayo Clinic believes credible and clear information is paramount. There’s a lot to learn about kidney disease. We’re here to help.    0:31 What is kidney disease?  1:09 Who gets kidney disease/risk factors?   2:24 Kidney disease symptoms 3:03 How is kidney disease diagnosed? 3:53 Treatment options   5:23 Coping methods/ What now?  6:16 Ending     Still have questions? That’s okay.  https://bit.ly/3mb1PLm More Videos on kidney disease · Effectively Managing Chronic Kidney Disease · https://bit.ly/33qoSv8 Supplement concerns for kidney disease patients: https://bit.ly/3F53xW2 Mayo Clinic Radio · Mayo Clinic Minute: Innovative research to fight kidney disease https://bit.ly/3p0JhiG Visit Mayo Clinic: https://mayocl.in/3F6eUNq Like Mayo Clinic on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MayoClinic Follow Mayo Clinic on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mayoclinic/ Follow Mayo Clinic on Twitter: https://twitter.com/MayoClinic

Healthy Things to Eat & Drink for a Stage 3 Kidney Problem. Part of the series: LS - Ultimate Nutrition. CKD, or chronic kidney disease, effects one in 10 Americans. Find out about healthy things to eat and drink for a stage three kidney problem with help from a globally-recognized food, nutrition and health expert in this free video clip. Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/video/1010013-healthy-things-eat-drink-stage-3-kidney-problem/

Check out our new website http://www.evanshealthlab.com/ Follow Dr. Mike for new videos! http://twitter.com/docmikeevans Dr. Mike Evans is founder of the Health Design Lab at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, an Associate Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health at the University of Toronto, and a staff physician at St. Michael's Hospital. Written and Narrated by Dr. Mike Evans Executive Producer, Dr. Mike Evans Illustrations by Liisa Sorsa Produced, Directed, and Photographed by Nick De Pencier Editor, David Schmidt Story/Graphic Facilitator, Disa Kauk Production Assistant, Chris Niesing Director of Operations, Mike Heinrich ©2014 Michael Evans and Reframe Health Films Inc.